Ydstie

B. Erik Ydstie:  B. Erik Ydstie B. Erik Ydstie:  B. Erik Ydstie Norwegian University of Science and Technology B. Erik Ydstie:  B. Erik Ydstie Research in PhotoVoltaics Acknowledgements: Georg Hagen, NTNU Cyrus Zahedi IFE Christian Dethloff ELKEM Gunnar Schussler ELKEM/HiA Bruno Ceccaroli, Scanwafer Paul Sides, Carnegie Mellon Overview: PhotoVoltaics in Norway:  Overview: PhotoVoltaics in Norway PhotoVoltaics - Primer Market Analysis and Application Areas Research and Development in Norway Elkem/Scanwafer/IFE/NTNU/SINTEF/HiA Summary PhotoVoltaics: Primer:  PhotoVoltaics: Primer Clean, Renewable Energy from the SUN Silicon: 14-16% Efficiency 0.1 kWp per m2 100 kWp per ton Silicon Global Energy Consumption filled with 0.1% of desert area covered! Slide9:  ARCO Magazine 1989 - cells produced by NAPS PV Market Development:  PV Market Development 25-30 % Annual Growth last Years Main Markets Residential Telecommunications Off-Grid Mobile On Grid Power Stations PhotoVoltaics: Silicon is Material of Choice:  PhotoVoltaics: Silicon is Material of Choice Silicon Theoretical limit 22% + established technology + availability/stability + known material properties - manufacturing challenges Alternative Materials (Ga/In/Te/As..) + efficiency ( 32% record) + / - toxicity - / + availability - technological challenges 20.1 % Efficiency Amorphous Si /Crystalline Substrate PhotoVoltaics: The Production Path:  PhotoVoltaics: The Production Path Cryst Wafers Etch. TCS Dist CVD SiO2 Red. Silgrain Metallurgical Si - Silgrain 99.5% Electronic Grade Si 1ppb 12,000 tons/year Solar Cells Wafers Remelt/Cryst Solar Grade Si 1 ppm Scrap Silicon - tops/tails/rejects… 1200 tons/year Cost Structure for PV Electricity - 500MWp:  Cost Structure for PV Electricity - 500MWp Installation Module Fabrication Cell Fabrication Wafers Si-Production Crystallization Production Step Cost Euro per Wp Si-Production and Crystallization 0.28 Wafering 0.22 Solar Cell Fabrication 0.11 Module Manufacture 0.30 Connector Convertor/Insatllation 0.78 Total 1.69 KPMG/Greenpeace: 500 MWp , 10 yr Depr. 15% ROI PhotoVoltaics: Feed-Stock Problem !:  PhotoVoltaics: Feed-Stock Problem ! … solar energy will remain a small and specialized industry that will start to shrink,… Bob Hall, AstroPower 12 % Growth 25 % Growth Slide15:  PhotoVoltaics: The Production Path Cryst Wafers Etch. TCS Dist CVD SiO2 Red. Silgrain Metallurgical Si - $ 3 per kg Electronic Si - $40-60 per kg Solar Cells Wafers Remelt/Cryst Missing Link Solar Grade Aim $ 8-12 per kg Scrap Si - $ 15 -25 per kg PV Research and Development - Norway:  PV Research and Development - Norway 4 Million inhabitants 150 k sq mi Constitutional Monarchy (1905) Oil/Fish/Gas/HydroPower Largest producer of Silicon in the world Trondheim Glomfjord Oslo Kristiansand/Grimstad R&D in Norway: Elkem ASA:  R&D in Norway: Elkem ASA 4100 Employees Materials Production ( Si/FeSi/Al/C/SiO2 ) Leading Producer of Silicon for Electronics Solar Grade Research Program Pure Raw Materials Silgrain ++ Crystallization Thin Film Alternative Processes R&D Center in Kristiansand R&D in Norway: ScanWafer:  R&D in Norway: ScanWafer Located in Glomfjord - 67o North ! Employees: 100 @ end 2001 6.3 million Wafers Global Market Share 5% Europe 20 % Integrated Wafers Cells Modules Energy R&D 2 bilder R&D in Norway: IFE - Kjeller:  R&D in Norway: IFE - Kjeller High Purity EG-Si on UMG-Si from ELKEM 12% Efficiency achieved EU Program initiated for LPE/CVD Cyrus Zahedi, Elekem Thin Film: Liquid Phase Epitaxial Growth R&D in Norway: NTNU/SINTEF-Trondheim:  R&D in Norway: NTNU/SINTEF-Trondheim New Production Processes (Plasma/Electrolysis…) Storage and Transportation of Energy (Hydrogen) Characterization/SEM... Clean Room/Crystallization Architectural From Sand to Solar Cells - Industry and NFR R&D in Norway: HiA - Grimstad:  R&D in Norway: HiA - Grimstad Sun Wind and Hydrogen - Industry and NFR Silane Decomposition for Simplified Poly-Silicon ELKEM ScanWafer IFE Power Companies Prof Egeland HiA Summary: The Challenge:  Summary: The Challenge From Small Batch to Integrated Processing Waste Minimization Sustainable Technological Development Systems Engineering and Public Policy Summary: A Bright Future:  Summary: A Bright Future PV Industry with Ambitious Vision for the Future ScanWafer from Silicon to Solar Cells and Modules ELKEM Major Supplier of Feedstock University and Institute R&D NTNU/HiA - Competence Building Basic R&D IFE/SINTEF - Process Development, Applied R&D R&D Networks include USA and EU